Spirituality

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Not to be confused with Spiritualism.

Spirituality

Major Concepts

Spirit
♦ Immaterialism

Soul

Metaphysics

Studies

Consciousness

Supernatural
Monism
Paranormal

Practices

Presentism
♦ Spiritism,
Esotericism
Meditation

Related

Mysticism
Esotericism
Emotions

Self-realization

Paradigm
shift
Esteem

Dignity
Shamanism

v · d · e

Spirituality can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality;[1]
an inner
path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the
“deepest values and meanings by which people live.”[2]
Spiritual
practices, including meditation,
prayer and contemplation, are
intended to develop an individual's inner life; spiritual experience includes
that of connectedness
with a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive self;
with other individuals or the human
community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the divine realm.[3]
Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation in
life.[4]
It can encompass belief in immaterial realities or
experiences of the immanent
or transcendent
nature of the world.

Contents

1 Definition

2 Spiritual
path

3 Religion

3.1 Spirituality within
particular religious traditions

4 Science

5 Personal
well-being

6 Near-death experience
(NDE)

7 Sacredness

8 Origin

9 History

10 Study

11 See
also

12 Notes and
references

13 Further
reading

14 External
links

[edit]
Definition

This section requires expansion with:
more about how the different
religions define spirituality.

Traditionally, many religions have regarded spirituality as an integral
aspect of religious
experience. Among other factors, declining membership of organized religions
and the growth of secularism
in the western
world have given rise to a broader view of spirituality.[5]
The term "spiritual" is now frequently used in contexts in which the term
"religious" was formally employed; compare James'
1902 lectures on the "Varieties of Religious Experience".[6][7]

Secular
spirituality emphasizes humanistic
qualities such as love, compassion,
patience, tolerance, forgiveness, contentment, responsibility, harmony, and a
concern for others[8]:22, aspects of life and
human experience which go beyond a purely materialist view of the world, without
necessarily accepting belief in a supernatural reality or divine being.
Spiritual practices such as mindfulness and meditation can be experienced as
beneficial or even necessary for human fulfillment without any supernatural
interpretation or explanation. Spirituality in this context may be a matter of
nurturing thoughts, emotions, words and actions that are in harmony with a
belief that everything in the universe is mutually dependent; this stance has
much in common with some versions of Buddhist spirituality. A modern secular
definition: "Spirituality exists wherever we struggle with the issues of how our
lives fit into the greater scheme of things. This is true when our questions
never give way to specific answers or give rise to specific practices such as
prayer or meditation. we encounter spiritual issues every time we wonder where
the universe comes from, why we are here, or what happens when we die. We also
become spiritual when we become moved by values such as beauty, love, or
creativity that seem to reveal a meaning or power beyond our visible world. An
idea or practice is "spiritual" when it reveals our personal desire to establish
a felt-relationship with the deepest meanings or powers governing life." -
Robert C. Fuller[citation
needed]

The psychology
of religion uses a variety of metrics to measure spirituality.[9]

[edit]
Spiritual path

In a wide variety of traditions, spirituality is seen as a path toward one or
more of the following: a higher state of awareness, perfection of one's own
being, wisdom, or communion with God
or with creation.
Plato's Allegory of the
Cave, which appears in book VII of The
Republic, is a description of such a journey, as are the writings of Teresa
of Avila. The Vedas and Upanishads also describe such
a path of transformation.

Disciplines such a path entail may include meditation,
prayer, and the
contemplation of sacred
texts; ethical
development;[8]:33 and some sort of
spiritual transmission, sometimes through a preceptor. Spirituality aims both at
inner growth and outward manifestations of this growth. Love and/or compassion
are often described as the mainstay of spiritual development.[8][10]

[edit]
Religion

Whilst the terms spirituality and religion both relate to a
search for an Absolute or God, and thus have much overlap,
there are also characteristic differences in their usage. Religion implies a
particular faith tradition that includes acceptance of a metaphysical or
supernatural reality;[8]:22, whereas spirituality
is not necessarily bound to any particular religious tradition. Thus William Irwin
Thompson suggest that "religion is the form spirituality takes in
civilization."[citation
needed]

Those who speak of spirituality outside of religion often define themselves
as "spiritual but not religious" and
generally believe in the existence of different "spiritual paths," emphasizing
the importance of finding one's own individual path to spirituality. According
to one poll, about 24% of the United States population identifies itself as
spiritual but not religious.[11]

[edit]
Spirituality
within particular religious traditions

In the Catholic
Church, spirituality is generally seen as an integral part of religion, as
much for the laity as for the 'religious' (i.e. those who have taken vows to the
Church). There is a variety of charisms
that emphasize particular ways to serve God and humanity.

[edit]
Science

Since the scientific
revolution, the relationship of science to religion and spirituality has
developed in complex ways.[12][13]
Historian John
Hedley Brooke describes wide variations: "the natural sciences have been
invested with religious meaning, with antireligious implications and, in many
contexts, with no religious significance at all."[13]:16 The popular notion of
antagonisms between science and religion[14][15]
has historically originated with "thinkers with a social or political ax to
grind" rather than with the natural philosophers themselves.[13]:13 Though physical and
biological scientists today avoid supernatural
explanations to describe reality[16][17][18]
(see naturalism),
many[specify]
scientists continue to consider science and spirituality to be complementary,
not contradictory.[19][20]
Neuroscientists are trying
to learn more about how the brain functions during reported spiritual
experiences.[21][22]

During the twentieth century the relationship between science and
spirituality has been influenced both by Freudian psychology, which has
accentuated the boundaries between the two areas by accentuating individualism and secularism, and by
developments in particle
physics, which reopened the debate about complementarity
between scientific and religious discourse and rekindled for many an interest in
holistic
conceptions of reality.[13]:322 These holistic
conceptions were championed by New
Age spiritualists in a type of quantum
mysticism that they claim justifies their spiritual beliefs,[23][24]
though quantum
physicists themselves on the whole reject such attempts as being pseudoscientific.[25][26]

See also: Relationship
between religion and science

[edit]
Personal
well-being

In keeping with a general increase in interest in spirituality and complementary and
alternative treatments, prayer has garnered attention among some behavioral
scientists. Masters and Spielmans[27]
have conducted a meta-analysis
of the effects of distant intercessory
prayer, but detected no discernible effects.

Spirituality has played a central role in self-help
movements such as Alcoholics
Anonymous: "...if an alcoholic failed to perfect and enlarge his spiritual
life through work and self-sacrifice for others, he could not survive the
certain trials and low spots ahead...."[28]

If spirituality is understood as the search for or the development of inner
peace or the foundations of happiness,
then spiritual
practice of some kind is essential for personal well being. This activity
may or may not include belief in supernatural beings. If one has such a belief
and feels that relationship to such beings is the foundation of happiness then
spiritual practice will be pursued on that basis: if one has no such belief
spiritual practice is still essential for the management and understanding of
thoughts and emotions which otherwise prevent happiness. Many techniques and
practices developed and explored in religious contexts, such as meditation, are immensely
valuable in themselves as skills
for managing aspects of the inner
life.[29][30]

[edit]
Near-death
experience (NDE)

Main article: Near
death experience

If consciousness exists apart
from the body, which includes the brain, one is attached not only to the
material world, but to a non-temporal (spiritual) world as well. This thesis is
considered to be analyzed by testing the reports from people who have
experienced death. However, some researchers
consider that NDEs are actually REM
intrusions triggered in the brain
by traumatic events like cardiac
arrest.[31]

[edit]
Sacredness

Social scientists have defined spirituality as the search for "the sacred,"
where "the sacred" is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the
ordinary and worthy of veneration. Spirituality can be sought not only through
traditional organized religions, but also through movements such as the feminist theology and
ecological spirituality (see Green
politics). Spirituality is associated with mental
health, managing substance
abuse, marital functioning, parenting, and coping. It has been
suggested that spirituality also leads to finding purpose and meaning in life.[32]

[edit]
Origin

See Timeline
of religion and Evolutionary
origin of religions

[edit]
History

See also: History of
religion

Words translatable as 'spirituality' first began to arise in the 5th century
and only entered common use toward the end of the Middle Ages.[33]
Spiritual innovators who operated within the context of a religious tradition
often became marginalized
or suppressed as heretics or separated out as schismatics. In these
circumstances, anthropologists
generally treat so-called "spiritual" practices such as shamanism in the sphere of the
religious, and class even non-traditional activities such as those of
Robespierre's Cult
of the Supreme Being in the province of religion.[34]

Eighteenth-century Enlightenment
thinkers, often opposed to clericalism
and skeptical of religion, sometimes came to express their more emotional
responses to the world under the rubric of "the
Sublime" rather than discussing "spirituality". The spread of the ideas of
modernity
began to diminish the role of religion in society and in popular thought.[citation
needed] Ralph
Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) was a pioneer of the idea of spirituality as a
distinct field.[35]
Important early 20th century writers who studied the phenomenon of spirituality,
and their works, include William
James, The
Varieties of Religious Experience (1902), and Rudolph
Otto, especially The Idea of the
Holy (1917).[citation
needed] The distinction between the spiritual and the
religious became more common in the popular mind during the late 20th century
with the rise of secularism
and the advent of the New
Age movement. Authors such as Chris
Griscom and Shirley
MacLaine explored it in numerous ways in their books. Paul Heelas noted the
development within New Age circles of what he called "seminar spirituality":[36]
structured offerings complementing consumer
choice with spiritual options.

[edit]
Study

In the late 19th century a Pakistani scholar Khwaja Shamsuddin
Azeemi wrote of and taught about the science of Islamic
spirituality, of which the best known form remains the Sufi tradition (famous
through Rumi and Hafiz)
in which a spiritual master or pir
transmits spiritual discipline to students.[37]

Building on both the Western esoteric
tradition and theosophy,[38]
Rudolf Steiner and others
in the anthroposophic
tradition have attempted to apply systematic methodology to the study of
spiritual phenomena,[39]
building upon ontological
and epistemological
questions that arose out of transcendental
philosophy.[40]
This enterprise does not attempt to redefine natural science, but to explore
inner experience – especially our thinking – with the same rigor that we apply
to outer (sensory) experience.

[edit]
See also

Spirituality
portal

Afterlife

Deities

Ethereal
being

Parapsychology

Quantum
mysticism

Reason

Religion

Skepticism

Spiritual
But Not Religious

Supernatural

Superstition

[edit]
Notes and
references

^
Ewert Cousins, preface to Antoine Faivre and Jacob Needleman, Modern
Esoteric Spirituality, Crossroad Publishing 1992.

^
Philip Sheldrake, A Brief History of Spirituality, Wiley-Blackwell 2007
p. 1-2

^
Margaret A. Burkhardt and Mary Gail Nagai-Jacobson, Spirituality: living
our connectedness, Delmar Cengage Learning, p. xiii

^
Kees Waaijman, Spirituality: forms, foundations,methods Leuven: Peeters, 2002
p. 1

^
Michael Hogan (2010). The Culture of Our Thinking in Relation to
Spirituality. Nova Science Publishers: New York.

^
James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1902)

^
Gorsuch, R.L., & Miller, W. R. (1999). Assessing spirituality. In W. R.
Miller (Ed), Integrating spirituality into treatment (pp. 47-64). Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.

^ a
b
c
d
Dalai Lama, Ethics for the New Millennium, NY:Riverhead Books,
1999

^
Afton N. Kapuscinski & Kevin S. Masters
(2010). "The current status of measures of spirituality: A critical review of
scale development". Psychology
of Religion and Spirituality (American
Psychological Association) 2 (4): 191–205. doi:10.1037/a0020498.
ISSN 1941-1022.

^
Kalchuri, Bhau: Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, the Biography of the Avatar of
the Age Meher Baba, Volume
Eight, Manifestation, Inc., 1986, p. 22987.

^
http://www.beliefnet.com/News/2005/08/Newsweekbeliefnet-Poll-Results.aspx#spiritrel

^
Gascoigne, John (1988). Cambridge in the Age of
the Enlightenment: Science, Religion and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. pp. 300.

^ a
b
c
d
Brooke, John Hedley (1991). Science and
religion: some historical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.

^
Applebaum, Wilbur. Encyclopedia of the scientific revolution: from
Copernicus to Newton Volume 1800 of Garland reference library of the
humanities. Psychology Press, 2000 ISBN
0815315031, 9780815315032

^
R. Cruz Begay, MPH, DrPH, Science And Spirituality March 2003, Vol 93,
No. 3 | American Journal of Public Health 363 American Public Health
Association

^
Clarke, Steve. Naturalism, Science, and the Supernatural in Sophia From
the issue entitled "Special APRA Issue" Volume 48, Number 2, 127-142, DOI:
10.1007/s11841-009-0099-2

^
Dawkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. New York: Norton.

^
Stroud, B. (2004). The charm of naturalism. In M. De Caro & D. Macarthur
(Eds.), Naturalism in question (pp. 21–35). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.

^
Richardson, W. Mark. Science and the spiritual quest: new essays by leading
scientists Psychology Press, 2002 ISBN
0415257670, 9780415257671

^
Giniger, Kenneth Seeman & Templeton, John. Spiritual evolution:
scientists discuss their beliefs. Templeton Foundation Press, 1998. ISBN
1890151165, 9781890151164

^
Alper, Matthew, The "God" Part of the Brain: A Scientific Interpretation of
Human Spirituality and God Sourcebooks, Inc., 2008 ISBN
1402214529, 9781402214523

^
Talan, Jamie Science Probes Spirituality February/March 2006:
Scientific American Mind. [1]

^
Capra,
Fritjof (1991 (1st ed. 1975)). The Tao of Physics: an exploration of
the parallels between modern physics and Eastern mysticism, 3rd ed..
Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 0877735948

^
Laszlo, Ervin, "CosMos:A Co-creator's Guide to the Whole World", Hay House,
Inc, 2008, ISBN
1-4019-1891-3, pg. 53-58

^
Sheremer, Michael, Quantum Quackery in Scientific American (January 2005),
292, 34. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-34

^
Silverman, Mark P. Quantum superposition: counterintuitive consequences of
coherence, entanglement, and interference Frontiers collection. Springer,
2008 ISBN
3540718834, 9783540718833. p. 25

^
Masters, K.S.; Spielmans, G.I (2007). "Prayer
and health: review, meta-analysis, and research agenda". Journal of
Behavioral Medicine 30 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9106-7. PMID 17487575.

^
Alcoholics Anonymous, p.14-15.

^
"The lost Art of being happy - spirituality for skeptics" Wilkinson 2007

^
"Happiness, a guide to one of life's most important skills" Ricard 2007

^
http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-life-after-death.htm

^
Snyder,
C.R.; Lopez, Shane J. (2007). "11". Positive Psychology. Sage
Publications, Inc.. ISBN 076192633X

^
Jones, L. G., ""A thirst for god or consumer spirituality? Cultivating
disciplined practices of being engaged by god," in L. Gregory Jones and James
J. Buckley eds., Spirituality and Social Embodiment, Oxford: Blackwell, 1997,
3-28, p4, n4.

^
Jordan, David, "The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre",
University of Chicago Press, 1989, ISBN
0-226-41037-4, pg. 201

^
Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Restless Souls : The Making of American
Spirituality. San Francisco: Harper, 2005. ISBN
0-06-054566-6

^
Paul Heelas, The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the
Sacralization of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, page 60. Cited in Anthony
Giddens: Sociology. Cambridge: Polity, 2001, page 554.

^
Azeemi,K.S., "Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation". Houston:
Plato, 2005. (ISBN
0-9758875-4-8), Pg. xi

^
Olav Hammer, Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy
to the New Age, ISBN
90-04-13638-X

^
Robert McDermott, The Essential Steiner, ISBN
0-06-065345-0, pp. 3-4

^
Jonael Schickler, Metaphysics as Christology: An odyssey of the Self from
Kant and Hegel to Steiner (Ashgate New Critical Thinking: 2005) pp.
138ff

[edit]
Further reading

A Course in Miracles. 2nd ed., Mill Valley: Foundation for Inner
Peace, 1992, ISBN
0-9606388-9-X.

Azeemi,
K.S.Muraqaba: The Art and Science of Sufi Meditation. Houston:
Plato, 2005. (ISBN
0-9758875-4-8)

Baba,
Meher (2000). The Path of Love. Myrtle Beach, S.C.: Sheriar Press. ISBN 1880619237.

Bjelica, Drago The Bible For The New Age (Online). 2009.

Bolman, L. G., and Deal, T. E. Leading With Soul. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1995.

Borysenko, J. A Woman's Journey to God. New York: Riverhead Books,
1999.

Cannon, K. G. Katie's Canon: Womanism and the Soul of the Black
Community. New York: Continuum, 1996.

Cappel, Constance, Dera Poetry, Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris, 2007.

Cheroff, Seth, The Manual For Living. CO Spirit Scope, 2008.

Clift,
Jean Dalby (2008). The Mystery of Love and the Path of Prayer. ISBN 978-1440466373.

Deloria, V., Jr. God
is Red. 2d Ed. Golden, Co: North American Press, 1992, ISBN
1-55591-904-9.

Dillard, C. B.; Abdur-Rashid, D.; and Tyson, C. A. "My Soul is a
Witness." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education
13, no. 5 (September 2000): 447-462.

Dirkx, J. M. "Nurturing Soul in Adult Learning." in
Transformative Learning in Action. New Directions for Adult and
Continuing Education No. 74, edited by P. Cranton, pp. 79–88. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.

Downey, Michael. Understanding Christian Spirituality. New York:
Paulist Press, 1997.

Eck, Diana L. A New Religious America. San Francisco: Harper,
2001.

Elkins D.N. et al. (1998)Toward a humanistic-phenomenological
spirituality: definition, description and measurement. Journal of
Humanistic Psychology 28(4), 5-18

English, L., and Gillen, M., eds. Addressing the Spiritual Dimensions
of Adult Learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing
Education, No. 85. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.

Goddart, Michael. Spiritual Revolution: A Seeker's Guide; 52 Powerful
Principles for Your Mind & Soul, DeVorss, 1997.

Haisch, Bernard The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and
What's Behind It All, (Preface), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, ISBN
1-57863-374-5

Hein, David (1997). "Christianity and
Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation". The
McNeese Review 35: 128–38.

Hein, David, and Edward Hugh Henderson, editors. Captured by the
Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer. New York and London:
Continuum / T & T Clark, 2004. About the spiritual theology of Austin Farrer; includes
chapter on "Farrer's Spirituality" by Diogenes
Allen.

Hein, David, and Charles R. Henery, editors. Spiritual Counsel in the
Anglican Tradition. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock; Cambridge, UK: James
Clarke & Co., 2010.

Holtje, D. (1995). From Light to Sound: The Spiritual Progression.
Temecula, CA: MasterPath, Inc. ISBN
1-885949-00-6

Martsolf, D.S.; Mickley, J.R. (1998). "The
concept of spirituality in nursing theories: differing world-views and extent
of focus". Journal of Advanced Nursing 27 (2): 294–303. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00519.x. PMID 9515639.

Masters, K.S.; Spielmans, G.I (2007).
"Prayer and health: review, meta-analysis, and research agenda". Journal of
Behavioral Medicine 30 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9106-7. PMID 17487575.

Percival,
Harold W. Thinking and Destiny, ISBN
0-911650-06-7

Perry, Whitall N. A Treasury of Traditional Wisdom: An Encyclopedia of
Humankind’s Spiritual Truth. Louisville: Fons Vitae books, 2000, ISBN
1-887752-33-1

Ram Chandra(Shajahanpur). Reality at Dawn.

Roberts, Jane (1974). The Nature of Personal Reality.
Prentice-Hall. reprinted (1994) Amber-Allen Publishing. ISBN
1-878424-06-8

Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, I Am That, Acorn Press, 1990, ISBN
0-89386-022-0

Schmidt, Leigh Eric. Restless Souls : The Making of American
Spirituality. San Francisco: Harper, 2005. ISBN
0-06-054566-6

Sandra
M. Schneiders (1989). "Spirituality in the academy". Theological
Studies 50 (4): 676-697. ISSN 0040-5639. http://pao.chadwyck.com/articles/displayItem.do?QueryType=articles&QueryIndex=journal&ResultsID=1307059952A444264&ItemNumber=3&BackTo=journalid&BackToParam=QueryType=journals.

Shahjahan, R. A. (2005). "Spirituality in
the academy: Reclaiming from the margins and evoking a transformative way of
knowing the world". International Journal of Qualitative Studies in
Education 18 (6): 685–711. doi:10.1080/09518390500298188.

Shahjahan, R.A. (2010). "Toward a spiritual
praxis: The role of spirituality among faculty of color teaching for social
justice". The
Review of Higher Education 33 (4): 473–512. doi:10.1353/rhe.0.0166.

Sheldrake,
Philip (1998). Spirituality and history: Questions of interpretation and
method. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis. ISBN 1570752036. http://www.amazon.com/Spirituality-History-Questions-Interpretation-Method/dp/1570752036/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1310081301&sr=1-1.

Steiner, Rudolf, How to Know Higher Worlds: A Modern Path of
Initiation. New York: Anthroposophic Press, (1904) 1994. ISBN
0-88010-372-8

Steiner, Rudolf, Theosophy: An Introduction to the Supersensible
Knowledge of the World and the Destination of Man. London: Rudolf Steiner
Press, (1904) 1994

Spenard, Michael (April 11, 2011) "Dueling with Dualism: the forlorn quest for the immaterial
soul", essay. An historical account of mind body duality and a
comprehensive conceptual and empirical critique on the position. ISBN
978-0-578-08288-2

Thompson, William Irwin, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light:
Mythology, Sexuality, and the Origins of Culture (New York: St. Martin's
Press, 1981).

Wapnick, Kenneth, The Message of A Course in Miracles. Roscoe, NY:
Foundation for A Course in Miracles, 1997, ISBN
0-933291-25-6.

Wakefield, Gordon S.(ed.), A Dictionary of Christian Spirituality.
London: SCM, 1983.

Wilkinson, Tony, The Lost Art of Being Happy - Spirituality for
Sceptics Findhorn Press 2007, ISBN
978-1-84409-116-4

Zagano, Phyllis Twentieth-Century Apostles: Contemporary Spirituality
in Action (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1999)

Zagano, Phyllis "Woman to Woman: An Anthology of Women's Spiritualities
(Collegeville, MN: Liturgical PRess) 1993.

Zajonc, Arthur, The New Physics and Cosmology Dialogues with the Dalai
Lama. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,ISBN
0-19-515994-2.

[edit]
External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Spirituality

Wikiversity has learning materials about Spirituality

Religion and Spirituality at the Open Directory
Project

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Ritual (liturgy ·
sacrifice) ·
Spirituality · Supernatural ·
Symbols ·
Truth ·
Water

Theism

Animism ·
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Monotheism ·
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Polytheism ·
Transtheism

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Women

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society

Agriculture ·
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Clergy
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Ordination) ·
Conversion
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Education ·
Fanaticism ·
Freedom
(Pluralism ·Syncretism ·Toleration ·Universalism) ·
Fundamentalism ·
Growth ·
Happiness ·
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Minorities ·
National
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Political
science · Populations ·
Schism ·
Science ·
State ·
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Vegetarianism ·
Violence (Persecution ·
Terrorism ·
War) ·
Wealth

Secularism
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irreligion

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and spiritual traditions · Scholars

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